Chinese Immigrants in Cuba: Documents from the James and Ana Melikian Collection
The Chinese Immigrants in Cuba collection includes hundreds of original documents, manuscripts and photos covering the migration of 125,000 Chinese who signed up to be cheap labor in Cuba from 1847 until the later 1890s. The archive continues until the 1970s and records the Chinese community in Cuba and is rich with photos. This massive collection, from the archive of James and Ana Melikian Collection, is probably the largest one in private hands concerning Chinese in Cuba. At present the collection contains over 1341 records and about 8,000-9,000 pages.
- 30 Chinese Immigrants in Cuba Labor Series
- 16 Chinese Immigrants in Cuba Miscellaneous Series
- 14 Chinese Immigrants in Cuba Court Case Series
- 9 Chinese Immigrants in Cuba Ship Records Series
- 5 Chinese Immigrants in Cuba Residency Documents Series
- 4 Chinese Immigrants in Cuba Identity Records Series
- 2 Chinese Immigrants in Cuba Baptism/Marriage/Death Documents Series
- 63 Public
- Governor
- 16 Havana
- 8 Permanent Residency
- 7 Laws
- 5 Carmencita
- 5 Contract
- 5 Matanzas
- more
- 5 Santiago
- 4 Association of the Chinese Settlers
- 4 Burial
- 4 Hiring Practices
- 4 Illness
- 4 Lee
- 4 Macao
- 4 Roque de Lara
- 4 Spirituality
- 4 Troncaso Bustamante y Co
- 3 Agustin
- 3 Canton
- 3 Colon
- 3 Completed Contract
- 3 Conduct
- 3 Illegal
- 3 Medic
- 3 Oriente
- 3 Province of the Oriente
- 3 Society of Bustamante y Froncaso
- 2 Am-Chap
- 2 Anselmo de Villanueva
- 2 Bishop
- 2 Cedula
- 2 Chasig-Chu
- 2 Chief of Police
- 2 Company
- 2 Contracted
- 2 Deposit of Runaways
- 2 F. Fernandez del Pino
- 2 Gardes
- 2 Jail
- 2 Jose
- 2 Juan Ley Acheu
- 2 Law
- 2 Legal
- 2 Manila
- 2 Manuel Olmeda
- 2 Pastor Lau
- 2 Port
- 2 Railroad of Matanzas
- 2 Religion
- 2 Second Contract
- 2 Secretary
- 2 Serafina
- 2 Victoria de las Tunas
- 1 A. R. Ferran
- 1 Administration of Sanity
- 1 Age
- 1 Alfonso Yee
- 1 Alfredo Liu
- 1 Am-Chan
- 1 Anselmo
- 1 Antonia
- 1 Antonio Cheng
- 1 Bejucal
- 1 Brigadier General
- 1 Business
- 1 C. J. Vallin
- 1 C. T. Vallin
- 1 Candido Santa Olalla
- 1 Captain
- 1 Carahatas
- 1 Carpenteria
- 1 Casino Chung Wah
- 1 Catanel
- 1 Checa Ayom
- 1 Chee Kung Tong
- 1 Child Labor
- 1 Chinese Republican Party
- 1 Chu Pamo
- 1 Chu Panco
- 1 Chung
- 1 Church
- 1 Commission
- 1 Completed Contracts
- 1 Contract Fulfillment
- 1 Cristobal
- 1 Cuncha Ra
- 1 Daniel Webster
- 1 Delegation
- 1 Di Lim-Junco
- 1 Diez
- 1 District Attorney
- 1 Duharte
- 1 Enrique Ching
- 1 Eugenio Luharte
- 1 Factory
- 1 Fan Tuteo
- 1 Felipe Chi
- 1 Felipe Mulhice
- 1 Ferran
- 1 Fion Cuangeo
These are the documents for permanent residency for Saturnino, a Chinese settler in 1865. He lives in Soltero and Cardenas. His application includes his identity card.
- Created Date
- 1865
An unnamed Chinese settler converted to Christianity in the city of Matanzas. They were originally from Canton. In their baptism, they offered their loyalty to the Cuban government and the church in order to eventually receive permanent residency in Cuba, a legal requirement. Candido Santa Olalla oversaw the baptism of this settler in the parish church of San Carlos in Matanzas.
- Created Date
- 1874
Records of business deals of the Society of Bustamante y Froncaso, specifically relating to their hiring practices and how many companies would rehire or share their Chinese settlers. Also relates their illegal hiring of settlers under the age of 14. Some of these settlers produced false documents claiming to be older than they were. Article 8 of the laws concerning the hiring of Chinese settlers stated that the hiring of people under the age of 14 was illegal.
- Created Date
- 1860
Records of business deals of the Society of Bustamante y Froncaso, specifically relating to their hiring practices and how many companies would rehire or share their Chinese settlers.
- Created Date
- 1860
Records of business deals of the Society of Bustamante y Froncaso, specifically relating to their contracts and hiring practices concerning Chinese settlers.
- Created Date
- 1860
Records of business deals between Francaso, Bustamanta y Co and other companies, specifically relating to their illegal hiring of settlers under the age of 14. Article 8 of the laws concerning the hiring of Chinese settlers stated that the hiring of people under the age of 14 was illegal. Also relates other hiring practices and how many companies would rehire or share their Chinese settlers.
- Created Date
- 1870
Records of business deals of the Society of Troncaso Bustamante, specifically relating to their hiring practices and the ages of their settlers. Relates their illegal hiring of settlers under the age of 14. Article 8 of the laws concerning the hiring of Chinese settlers stated that the hiring of people under the age of 14 was illegal.
- Created Date
- 1860-10-04
Records of business deals of the Society of Troncaso Bustamante, specifically relating to their hiring practices and the ages of their settlers. Relates their illegal hiring of settlers under the age of 14. Article 8 of the laws concerning the hiring of Chinese settlers stated that the hiring of people under the age of 14 was illegal.
- Created Date
- 1854-03-24
Certifies that Valentin, a Chinese settler, completed an eight-year-contract with his employer. He was eventually granted permanent residency after fulfilling the legal requirements.
- Created Date
- 1871
Certifies that Justo, a Chinese settler, completed an eight-year-contract with his employer, Jose de Cannabaco who owned a business.
- Created Date
- 1860
Certifies that Lee, a Chinese settler, completed an eight-year-contract with his employer, Roque de Lara. He was eventually granted permanent residency after fulfilling the legal requirements.
- Created Date
- 1861-07-02
Certifies that Lei, a Chinese settler, completed an eight-year-contract with his employer. He was eventually granted permanent residency after fulfilling the legal requirements.
- Created Date
- 1861-06-19
A contract between Victor Jatu, a Chinese immigrant, and Pedro Chacon in Guanajay. Signed by the governor, Romero, Victor Jatu, and Pedro Chacon. Pedro signed in Chinese.
- Created Date
- 1869-07-20
A contract between Critobal, a Chinese immigrant, and Serafin Gomez. The contract was to last for six months and lists the legal requirements of both the employee and the employer. Noted that Cristobal completed a contract with Felipe Mulhice. Cristobal was originally from Canton. Signed by Serafin Gomez, the governor, and Cristobal, who signed in Chinese.
- Created Date
- 1866-05-20
A contract between Ventura, a Chinese settler, and Jose Ruiz. The contract was to last for a year and lists the legal requirements of both the employee and the employer. Noted that Ventura completed a contract with La Panchita previously. Signed by Jose Ruiz and Ventura, who signed in Chinese.
- Created Date
- 1866
A contract between Marcos, a Chinese settler, and Jose Gomez. The contract was to last for an undisclosed amount of time and lists the legal requirements of both the employee and the employer. The contract was to last for a year and lists the legal requirements of both the employee and the employer. Marcos did not negotiate or sign the contract as the signature stipulates that someone else signed for him.
- Created Date
- 1866-04-05
This is a second labor contract that was shared between Sabel, a Chinese settler, and his owner, Ramon Recio de Oguendo. Sabel was brought to Cuba from China to serve as an indentured servant and the term of the contract was for one year, in which Sabel was hired to do fieldwork. Details regarding Sabel's wage, food, and clothes that would be provided to him by Ramon Recio de Oguendo as well as the work hours required of him were stipulated in the document. 1867. Signed the governor, Ramon Recio de Oguendo, and in Chinese by Sabel,.
- Created Date
- 1867-01-06
A contract between Anselmo, a Chinese settler and Jose Romero. The contract was to last for one year and lists the legal requirements of both the employee and the employer. Signed by the governor of Colon, Joaquin, and Anselmo, who signed in Chinese.
- Created Date
- 1866
A contract between Timoteo, a Chinese settler, and Manuel Paredes. The contract was to last for a year and lists the legal requirements of both the employee and the employer. Signed by the governor, Manuel Paredes, and two witnesses.
- Created Date
- 1869-10-12
A letter to the Brigadier General Governor concerning the permanent residency of Saturnina, a Chinese settler who completed her eight year control with Marques Duqueme. Her contract, in Spanish and Chinese, is also included. 1855.
- Contributors
- 林, 贵
- Created Date
- 1855
A contract between Chung, a Chinese settler, and R. Calderon, an agent for La Alianza. La Alianza brought Chung from China to Cuba to work. He was to be hired by another employer upon arrival.
- Contributors
- 鍾, 大嬌
- Created Date
- 1867
A contract between Lucas, a Chinese settler, and Manuel Betacourt. The contract was to last for eight years and lists the legal requirements for both the employee and the employer. Signed by the governor, Manuel Betacourt, and two witnesses.
- Created Date
- 1868
Documents the arrival of Chinese settlers working for Rafael Morales y Monetenegro.
- Created Date
- 1859
Records indicating that the courts requested paperwork and information on Pedro o Poncho, a Chinese settler, from the Chinese Consul in Havana. He was originally from Canton. He ran away from his employer, was captured, and held in the Deposit of Runaways.
- Created Date
- 1870-10-14
Records indicating that the courts requested paperwork and information on Pedro o Poncho, a Chinese settler, from the Chinese Consul in Havana. He was originally from Canton. He ran away from his employer, was captured, and held in the Deposit of Runaways.
- Created Date
- 1870-10-14
Records pertaining to the right of a company to not pay for the burial of their employees if they die while contracted. The company in question is a railroad and has been solicited by the government concerning the case.
- Created Date
- 1868-05-09
Records pertaining to the right of a company to not pay for the burial of their employees if they die while contracted. The company in question is a railroad and has been solicited by the government concerning the case. The bishop of Matanzas supports that companies should not pay for burials because it is a church job.
- Created Date
- 1868-07-09
Records pertaining to the right of a company to not pay for the burial of their employees if they die while contracted. The company in question is a railroad and has been solicited by the government concerning the case.
- Created Date
- 1867-12-16
Records pertaining to the right of a company to not pay for the burial of their employees if they die while contracted. The company in question is a railroad and has been solicited by the government concerning the case.
- Created Date
- 1867-10-14
Report detailing the regulations and laws concerning the burial of Chinese settlers and the efforts of the Commission to establish these laws.
- Created Date
- 1867-02-17
An identity card, or cedula, for Juan Ley Acheu, originally from Canton. Juan was forty-two years old when this card was issued.
- Created Date
- 1872-02-06
An identity card, or cedula, for Agustin Afon. Agustin was 33 years old when this card was issued.
- Created Date
- 1880
The Superior Civil Government investigates the Society of Bustmante y Troncaso's hiring practices, relating to the illegal hiring of Chinese settlers under the age of 14. Many of their contracts did not mention the age of the settlers as to avoid the legal age requirements.
A letter detailing the changes to laws concerning Chinese settlers and their legal rights as workers in Cuba. Settlers were not allowed to go more than two or three months without being under contract with an employer; otherwise they were considered vagrants. Once a contract has expired, the Chinese settler is considered to be liberated from the legal bounds of that contract and is free to enter into another with the same employer or another. The governor replied to the letter and formally adopted these laws into the legal code.
- Created Date
- 1861
A letter from Pastor Lau of Chee Kung Tong's Guantanamo delegation to the Governor of the Province of Oriente. It details the election of the leadership for the coming year.
- Created Date
- 1947-12-31
A letter from Ignacio Wang of the Assocaition of Chinese settlers' Holguin delegation to the Governor of the Province of Oriente in Santiago. It details the laws about the new leadership elections and in case of economic emergencies
- Created Date
- 1930-12-28
A letter from the Association of the Chinese settlers' Society of Instruction and Recreation to the Governor of the Province of Oriente. the letter details that the Association of Chinese settlers has sent their election roll, balance sheet, and other required documents to the Governor.
- Created Date
- 1942-10-28
A letter from the Association of the Chinese Settlers' Victoria de las Tunas Delegation to the Governor of the Province of Oriente. It concerns the laws governing the Province of the Orient.
- Created Date
- 1945-06-18
This is a letter from the Secretary Correspondent in Spanish, J. Leon Aguila to the Governor of the Province of Oriente in Santiago. J. Leon Aguila works for Casino Chung Wah in Victoria de las Tunas. The letter contains information about new laws and the instructions pertaining to the new laws.
- Created Date
- 1951-04-06
A letter from Ignacio and M. Chang, the President and the Secretary of the Delegation of Guantanamo to the Provincial Government of Oriente. It lists the President, Vice President, Secretary, the Vice Secretary, Treasurer, and Vice Treasurer.
- Created Date
- 1935-10-23
A letter from Chee Kung Tong, the Chinese Republican Party, and its President Pastor Lau, in Guantanamo, Cuba to the governor of the Province of Oriente. It details the paperwork needed to export certain goods.
- Created Date
- 1945
A letter from C. J. Vallin to the governor. It details the arrival of a ship in Havana's harbor and the examination of the Chinese settlers onboard. The Administration of Sanity was satisfied with their health.
Report detailing meetings of the Secretary of the Governor, Manuel Martinez and various Cuban citizens. These citizens usually voice concerns about certain laws or the alteration of laws.
- Created Date
- 1886-01-28
Official naturalization document of Valentin Martinez, a Chinese settler, who was granted his carta de naturaleza, or naturalization documents. Relates that Valentin had take an oath of loyalty and obedience to the Cuban government that was required of him.
- Created Date
- 1871
Official naturalization document of Juan Ley Acheu, a Chinese settler, who was granted his carta de naturaleza, or naturalization documents. Relates that Juan had take an oath of loyalty and obedience to the Cuban government that was required of him.
- Created Date
- 1873-03-13
Relates that Mariano, a Chinese settler, was granted permanent residency in Cuba after fulfilling the legal requirements.
- Created Date
- 1863-09-01
Records indicating that the chief of police had a meeting with the Governor to discuss new laws that affect the employers of Chinese settlers and the granting of permanent residency to those settlers. The settlers had to fulfill certain requirements, usually with concerns to their jobs, religion, and moral conduct, in order to gain permanent residency. The police were charged with removing any settlers who did not maintain jobs or contracts with their employers before or after being granted permanent residency.
- Created Date
- 1861-06-18
Records indicating that the chief of police had a meeting with the Governor to discuss new laws that affect the employers of Chinese settlers and the granting of permanent residency to those settlers. The settlers had to fulfill certain requirements, usually with concerns to their jobs, religion, and moral conduct, in order to gain permanent residency. The police were charged with investigating the moral conduct of the settlers who requested permanent residency.
- Created Date
- 1861-06-05
Lee, a Chinese settler, fulfilled a contract with Roque de Lara. Lara recommended that Lee be given permanent residency in Cuba because he met the legal requirements of completing an eight year contract with one employer. The letter also states that Lee always exhibited good conduct and behavior.
- Created Date
- 1861
Lee, a Chinese settler, fulfilled an eight year contract with Agustin. Agustin recommended that Lee be given permanent residency in Cuba because he met the legal requirements of completing an eight year contract with one employer, fulfilling the legal requirements for permanent residency. The letter also states that Lee always exhibited good conduct and behavior.
- Created Date
- 1861-06-27
Lee, a Chinese settler, fulfilled an eight year contract with Roque de Lara. Lara recommended that Lee be given permanent residency in Cuba because he met the legal requirements of completing an eight year contract with one employer, fulfilling the legal requirements for permanent residency. The letter also states that Lee always exhibited good conduct and behavior.
- Created Date
- 1861
A recommendation letter from an unnamed employer concerning the Chinese settlers he employed and their permanent residency status. Does not mention the names of the Chinese settlers.
A recommendation letter from an unnamed employer concerning the Chinese settlers he employed and their permanent residency status.
- Created Date
- 1861
List of workers who were recently hired by various employers. It lists the name of the employer or company, the name of the settler and their personal details.
- Created Date
- 1862
Records for the ship Carmencita, which brought Chinese settlers from China to Cuba under contract with Troncaso Bustamante. Records of business deals of the Society of Troncaso Bustamante, specifically relating to their hiring practices and the ages of their settlers. Relates their illegal hiring of settlers under the age of 14. Article 8 of the laws concerning the hiring of Chinese settlers stated that the hiring of people under the age of 14 was illegal
- Created Date
- 1860-08-24
Records for the ship Carmencita, which brought Chinese settlers from China to Cuba under contract with Troncaso Bustamante. Records of business deals of the Society of Troncaso Bustamante, specifically relating to their hiring practices and the ages of their settlers. Relates their illegal hiring of settlers under the age of 14. Article 8 of the laws concerning the hiring of Chinese settlers stated that the hiring of people under the age of 14 was illegal.
- Created Date
- 1860-02-04
Records for the ship Carmencita, which brought Chinese settlers from China to Cuba under contract with Troncaso Bustamante. The ship stopped in Manila before going to Cuba. The ship was captained by Captain Garcia. Also records the business deals of the Society of Troncaso Bustamante, specifically relating to their hiring practices and the ages of their settlers. Relates their illegal hiring of settlers under the age of 14. Article 8 of the laws concerning the hiring of Chinese settlers stated that the hiring of people under the age of 14 was illegal.
- Created Date
- 1860-08-24
Records for the ship Carpenteria, which brought Chinese settlers from China to Cuba. On this trip, the Carpenteria brought settlers from China to work.
- Created Date
- 1856-01-15
Records for the arrival of the ship, Serafina, in the port of Havana, which brought Chinese settlers from China to Cuba. On this trip, a medic was called to the ship to examine several sick settlers.
- Created Date
- 1860-06-01
Records for the ship Serafina, which brought Chinese settlers from China to Cuba. On this trip, the Serafina brought several settlers from China to work. Signed by Tomas.
- Created Date
- 1860-06-01
Records for the arrival of a ship in the port of Havana, which brought Chinese settlers from China to Cuba. On this trip, a medic was called to the ship to examine several sick settlers.
- Created Date
- 1860-06-01
Records for the arrival of ship, which brought Chinese settlers from China to Cuba, in the port of Havana. The ship brought settlers from China to work in Havana.
- Created Date
- 1857-03-31
Records for the ship Hoggenbark, which brought Chinese settlers from China to Cuba. On this trip, the Hoggenbark brought settlers from China to work in Havana.
- Created Date
- 1857-03-30